The percentage shows the amount of processing power used while playing a movie in full screen. We played a test DVD and monitored our computer's CPU strain while running the software without any extra features or programs activated. We also judged customization options and other features, such as the modifiable video effects. Good player software should have an interface that is immediately easy to understand and navigate, causing no doubt or frustration in accessing features. This grade reflects how easy the software was to use, its important features and settings, and how well it performs each task. We also judged them on the amount and efficacy of audio and picture optimization settings. We judged programs on their capacity to play the video without lag, buffering or any other distortions or delays. This grade is based on whether the software accommodates a variety of disc and digital file types without excessive drain on the central processing unit. Here's exactly how we tested these programs: We're currently reviewing this, but it's likely that either version of the software will meet your viewing needs. Recently, a new version of this software has come out: CyberLink PowerDVD 21. A full breakdown of our reviewing process can be seen below.Īt the time of reviewing, we ranked CyberLink PowerDVD 20 (opens in new tab) as the best option. We tested out all the software packages individually, putting them through their paces and timing how quickly they responded to commands. Read the full review: WinDVD Pro 12 (opens in new tab).Others we tested took as few as 5 seconds. During our test phase, we timed how long it takes each program to begin playing a disc after the play button is pressed. It is worth noting that this is the slowest-starting Blu-ray player we reviewed. However, you won’t be able to use your smartphone as a remote control or take advantage of your device’s touchscreen. You’ll still get great features, such as customizable skins, environmental settings, BD-Live network support, power manager, social media connectivity and more. It can also upscale standard-definition DVD footage for HD screens.Īnd it effectively smooths out pixelation and artifacts that can result from upscaling. It not only plays Blu-ray discs perfectly, but you can also use it to play DVDs and CDs. Takes an exceptionally long time to start playing a Blu-ray disc Leawo Player: Lightest on system resources Read the full review: Macgo (opens in new tab)ģ.It continues to be reasonably priced despite the recent price hikes, and users appreciate the great customer service provided by the company. Yet, the Macgo software is a good option overall. The software's processes also consume a lot of power and there are no battery-saving options. However, the downside is that the price of this software has been growing steadily over the years to the point where competitor options may offer more value for money despite the great service Macgo provides.Īnother issue in using this software is its lack of BD-Live support, which means you can’t use it to access any server-hosted additional content from movie studios. Many users like Macgo for its comparatively cheap price ($70) and high-quality output. The software is easy to use and you can quickly customize your watching experience, thanks to the extensive ‘settings’ options. It can handle a good variety of file types, including AVI, MP4, MOV, MKV, and WMV. Macgo, as the name suggests, is a Blu-ray player software that runs on macOS. Macgo Blu-ray Player: Best value Blu-ray software Read the full review: PowerDVD 21 (opens in new tab)Ģ.This also means that you can pick up wherever you left off, as the program notes exactly when you stopped watching a video. In addition to all of this, it also lets you watch simultaneously across multiple devices, so you can stream something on both your laptop and phone if you need. It also has some powerful upscaling technology that will make a big difference to image quality if you have a few older DVDs that you’re hoping to watch. At $99.99, it might seem quite pricey, but it does come with 100GB of cloud storage which allows you to store and share movies with friends. This software offers a lot more functionality than a basic Blu-ray player program, which is reflected in the price. You can also cast movies to other devices in your house using the software, or even install the PowerDVD app on your Apple TV or Chromecast device to browse your media library directly. Of course, the software also lets you watch Blu-ray discs (specifically the Ultra version - unfortunately the basic version of PowerDVD doesn’t come with this functionality).
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1/30/2024 0 Comments Coccinella spIn case of not causing the death of the animal, the infection can reduce oviposition.Īnother effective species in the control of coccinellids is Hesperomyces virescens, capable of causing 65% decline in the beetle population, especially members of the species Harmonia axyridis Y A. Once dead, the fungus breaks the skin of the insect (from the inside out), covering it with spores that are dispersed with the wind, giving way to new infections. As the days go by, the insect stops feeding and dies. The fungus penetrates the skin of the insect and once inside, it develops at the expense of the nutrients available in the hemolymph of its host. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on at least 7 species of members of the family Coccinellidae: Hippodamia convergens (convergent catarina), Adalia bipunctata (two-point ladybug), Coccinella septempunctata (seven point ladybug), Coleomegilla maculata lengi (twelve point ladybug), Serangium parcesetosum, V-nigrum pot (gray beetle) and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (destroyer beetle or mealybug). Natural enemies such as pathogens, predators, parasitoids, nematodes and parasitic mites can be used in various ways to control invasive beetles. Likewise, ladybug infestations can cause structural damage, allergies and significant damage to the cultivation of wine grapes, grains, and vegetables. Unfortunately they are voracious animals, capable of diminishing or displacing native and beneficial insect species. Biologic controlĬoccinellids are widely used in biological control programs for phytophagous insects. septempunctata (seven point ladybug), Coelophora inaequalis (Australian beetle), Coleomegilla maculata (spotted beetle) and Harmonia axyridis (multi-colored Asian beetle). The adults and larvae of the Stethorini tribe are specialized predators of whiteflies, and the adults and larvae of the Coccinellini tribe are voracious predators of aphids and scale insects.Īmong them we find the species Coccinella novemnotata (nine point ladybug), C. However, the vast majority of members of the Coccinellidae family prey on insects, mites, moth eggs, other species of beetles, and even, if food availability is scarce, they can be cannibals. Others feed on pollen and nectar from flowers. On the other hand, ladybugs from the Halyziini tribe feed on fungi that grow on the leaves of plants. An example of this is the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis, which feeds on members of the bean family. The adults and larvae of the Epilachinae subfamily feed on plants. In the first generation, after hibernating, all females are reproductive In the second generation, a few females enter a state of physiological inactivity known as diapause In the third and fourth generation, most females enter diapause. Some members of the family are bivoltine (only two generations per year) and in others four to five generations can be observed per year. Mating occurs primarily at aggregation sites, shortly before the beetles disperse after winter dormancy. Beetles overwinter as adults, often in aggregations under leaf litter, rocks, and bark, with some species often taking shelter in buildings and houses. Female beetles can lay 20 to 1,000 eggs over a period of one to three months, beginning in spring or early summer.Īfter the pupal stage, the adults emerge, mate, search for prey, and prepare for hibernation. The members of the Coccinellidae family are holometabolic, that is, they have four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The family is made up of more than 5,000 species, distributed in seven subfamilies: Chilocorinae (Mulsant, 1846), Coccidulinae (Mulsant, 1846), Coccinellinae (Latreille, 1807), Epilachninae (Mulsant, 1846), Hyperaspidinae (Duverger, 1989), Scymninae (Mulsant, 1876) and Sticholotidinae (Weise, 1901). Later in the United States the name ladybug was adopted. The name ladybug or ladybird (in English), was first used in medieval England, perhaps because the beneficial predators of plagues were believed to be a gift from the Virgin Mary, the "Lady" or lady (in English). Many of them are used in biological pest control programs to minimize and control the populations of aphids, whiteflies, scale insects and mealybugs that do so much damage to crops in different agrosystems. Most of them shed small insects as well as mites although we also find species that feed on plants, fungi, pollen and flower nectar. The ladybugs or coccinellids (family Coccinellidae) are a group of beetles that comprise around 5,000 to 6,000 species characterized by vibrant colors with small spots or stripes in their elytra (hardened wings). Video: Characteristics of Insects Content 1/30/2024 0 Comments Twilight zone songsArchived from the original on 13 September 2012. ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending April 9, 1983".^ "Golden Earring Chart History (Mainstream Rock)".^ "Golden Earring Chart History (Hot 100)".^ " Golden Earring – Twilight Zone" (in Dutch).The Laser Video Disc Companion: A Guide to the Best (and Worst) Laser Video Discs. ^ Luhrssen, David Larson, Michael (24 February 2017)."Bassline Breakdown: Golden Earring's 'Twilight Zone' ". The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits',' 9th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 259. The Cut album cover's image of the jack of diamonds playing card being shredded by a bullet is used in the video and represents the life of the rogue agent. The concert film, also directed by Dick Maas, included a brief introductory segment which was an extension of the Twilight Zone video one writer described it as a "sharp looking video skit about spies or something", but criticized the actually 16mm concert footage as "grainy" and "washy yellow." The concert was released in 1984 as Live from The Twilight Zone along with an album of the concert titled Something Heavy Going Down: Live From The Twilight Zone, it aired on MTV and was published as video on VHS, Beta and Laserdisc. MTV commissioned the band to shoot a movie of the final 'homecoming' concert of the tour in the Netherlands. Golden Earring followed the success with an extensive tour of the USA, Canada and Europe. The music video was one of the first to feature a cinematic storyline and dance choreography and was a hit on the fledgling MTV network (in somewhat edited form, as the original European cut was notable for a sequence featuring a topless woman), helping the song to become the second international hit for the band. The music video, directed by Dick Maas, features a storyline with lead singer Barry Hay as an espionage agent who is apprehended by three henchmen (played by the other members of the band). lining up a shot" so that at 3:10, "bassist Rinus Gerritsen knocks that shot out of the park." Music video Renshaw considers the "disruption" more interesting than an ordinary pattern, and it acts as a "set-up. Nic Renshaw, who writes a blog for KSM Guitars, describes the guitar riff at the beginning as an " eighth-note pulse" of B D E D B followed by a sixteenth note and dotted eighth-note, D and E, and another D which is an eighth note. The music video was featured on Volume One of the VHS companion compilation. In the 1990s, the song was included on a volume of Rhino Records' New Wave Hits of the '80s series. Kooymans sings lead on the choruses, backed by Hay. Each sings lead for one half of the first verse (first Kooymans, then Hay), and Hay sings lead for the second verse with backing by Kooymans and provides the spoken lines in the introduction and first verse. Lead vocals are divided between Kooymans and Barry Hay. 1 on the Billboard Top Album Tracks chart, the band's only No. It was the group's sole Top 10 Pop single on the US Billboard Hot 100 (the song reached #16 on the Cashbox chart) and hit No. It spent more than half a year (27 weeks) on the U.S. "Twilight Zone" appears on their 1982 album Cut and pays tribute to the 1960s television series The Twilight Zone. It was written by the band's guitarist George Kooymans, who drew inspiration from the book The Bourne Identity. " Twilight Zone" is a 1982 hit by Dutch band Golden Earring. The policies and debates that shaped the colonial history of Burkina Faso, while important in themselves, are a reflection of the larger West African history and French colonial policy. In 1960, Upper Volta gained its independence, but the nation experienced a new beginning in 1983 when it was renamed Burkina Faso by the revolutionary government of Thomas Sankara. It was recreated after World War II as an Overseas Territory (Territoire d’Outre-mer) within the newly created French Union (Union française). Dismantled in 1932, Upper Volta was partitioned among neighboring colonies. Following a major anticolonial war in 1915–16, the colony of Upper Volta with Ouagadougou as its capital was created in 1919, for security reasons and as a labor reservoir for neighboring colonies. en Afrique de lOuest et Afrique Centrale, Ouagadougou (Haute Volta) du 4. In 1905, the military territory was integrated in the civilian colony of Upper Senegal and Niger with headquarters in Bamako. short of the expectations of the African masses and many development change. dans la Zone of savane soudanienne et 16 dans the Zone of foret guineennes. Following the French colonial conquest in 1896, a military territory was established over a large part of what would become Upper Volta. Density estimate of the larger mammals of Arli National Park, Upper Volta. Burkina Faso has a remarkable history owing to repeated dissolution and reunification of its territory. 1/29/2024 0 Comments Grandview heightsI have supported our kids through other community efforts including as a softball coach, Ox Roast volunteer and parent sport volunteer." She said she's "interacted closely with our schools as a parent classroom volunteer, PTO volunteer, board member of the Grandview Heights-Marble Cliff Education Foundation, member of the Financial Planning Committee for the Facility Planning Process, member of the 2016 Grandview School Levy Fundraising Committee and 2018 Grandview School Levy co-chair. "We are grateful to the teachers and administrators who have done so much to make our children well-rounded learners ready for the future," she said. Matney and her husband, Chris, have been Grandview Heights residents for eight years and have three children currently in the district (in fifth grade, eighth grade and a senior) and a graduate of the class of 2019. I’m proud to live in Grandview and believe that my skills will positively contribute to the current board leadership." My career has been dedicated to strengthening communities and my passion lies in bringing people together around a common goal. "I have nearly 20 years of nonprofit experience including managing and navigating board leadership to generate positive community impact. Matney, 44, is executive director of The Columbus Blue Jackets Foundation. I am on the school construction core committee and finance committee and was selected by my peers to be vice president of the board," he said. "I have four years of service on the Grandview school board, first elected in 2017. He and his wife, Annie, have three children who graduated from Grandview schools. Other goals, he said, are to "keep our students, teachers and staff safe through this Covid pandemic, continue progress to best prepare our graduates for success and keep the current construction project on track and plan for remaining facility needs, with a community-driven process, including the athletic facilities and Stevenson Elementary."īode said he has been a Grandview and Marble Cliff resident for 26 years. He pledged to continue progress to maximize and personalize every student’s education and keep district finances strong while not overburdening taxpayers. That’s amazing 'bang for the buck' and a product of excellent financial management and decision-making." "Despite having the third-lowest overall property tax millage rate in Franklin County (out of 16 districts), we are able to offer small class sizes, an array of advanced placement courses, and a personalized education for each student. "The financial health of the school district is excellent, with a robust five-year forecast," he said. Bode cited his involvement with the middle school and high school facilities, which "will serve Grandview’s school children for generations and allow teachers to improve learning through modern science labs, project-based learning, gathering spaces for group learning, improved special education services, and more." 1/29/2024 0 Comments Manitou springs cog railwayThe railway was now operating.Ī new era began in the late 1930’s with the introduction of gasoline and diesel powered locomotives. A scheduled group of dignitaries had been turned back earlier by a rock slide around 12,000 feet. On the afternoon of June 30th, 1891, the first passenger train, carrying a church choir from Denver, made it to the summit. The spring of 1891 was a snowy one, and the opening of the line was delayed until late June. Of the original six, only #4 is still in operation and along with a restored coach makes infrequent trips short distances up the track. The original three were named “Pike’s Peak,” “Manitou” and “John Hulbert,” but they soon were assigned numbers. These locomotives were eventually converted to operate upon the Vauclain Compound principle, and a total of six were in service during the “steam” era. Limited service was initiated in that year to the Halfway House Hotel. The Age of Steam predominated the late 1800’s, and from Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, three engines were delivered in 1890. Six workers died in blasting and construction accidents. In 1889, the Manitou & Pike’s Peak Railway Company was founded and track construction began in earnest. Simmons agreed with the concept and set about providing the capital needed to fund such a venture. He was relaxing in one of Manitou Springs’ mineral baths after his return, when the owner of his Hotel mentioned the idea of a railway to the top. Simmons was awed by the scenery but determined that the views should be experienced in a more civilized and comfortable manner. The arduous, two day trip on a mule was the only way to reach the top in those days. Simmons rode to the summit of Pike’s Peak on a mule, partly to enjoy the view and partly to check upon one of his inventions: an insulator for the telegraph wires which ran to the Army Signal Station on the summit. One of the tourists who visited the Pikes Peak region in the late-1880’s was Zalmon Simmons, inventor and founder of the Simmons Beautyrest Mattress Company. for pointing out the correct grade of the Pilatusbahn and proofing the technical and historical sections of this site.) It uses the Locher rack system to climb grades of 48% ! The steepest cog railway in the world is the Mt. Many rack railroads use the Riggenbach system, also called “ladder rack”. The maximum grades are 25%, which is about the upper limit for the Abt system. The Manitou & Pikes Peak Railway uses the Abt rack system. The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway is, however, the highest rack railway in the world as well as the highest railway in North America and the Northern Hemisphere. Indeed, Switzerland is still the country where most rack railways are located. The first cog (or “rack”) railway was built in New Hampshire in 1869,īut the Swiss were quick to make use of this technology, and numerous rack railways were built there. This enables the trains to reach much higher speeds on the adhesion sections (rack railroads can not go much faster than 25 miles per hour or they run the risk of dislodgement from the rack rail- M & PP Ry.’s top speed is about 9 MPH). Some Swiss trains use a combination of “rack” and “adhesion”. A “rack” railroad can climb grades of up to 48%, depending upon the type of rack system employed. An adhesion railroad can only climb grades of 4 to 6%, with very short sections of up to 9%. A cog, or rack, railroad uses a gear, “cog wheel”, meshing into a special rack rail (mounted in the middle between the outer rails) to climb much steeper grades than those possible with a standard adhesion railroad. What is a “Cog” Railway?Ĭonventional railroads use the friction of wheels upon the rails, called “adhesion”, to provide locomotive power. You’ll enjoy fantastic rock formations, spectacular vistas and breathtaking cliffs all from the comfort and safety of the world’s highest cog train. It’s possible to see four states, the snow-covered peaks of the Continental Divide, the cities of Denver, Manitou Springs, Colorado Springs and the historic gold campls of Cripple creek and Victor. You’ll pass cascading streams as you wind through a steep canyon of gigantic boulders and tall pines towards your destination well above treeline. Your trip will take you through four life zones from lush high plains to fragile alpine tundra. Relax and watch in wonder as you climb to 14,115 feet above sea level to the summit of America’s favorite mountain – Pikes Peak. 1/29/2024 0 Comments Da capo 3 r wallpaperThere’s even a form of gameplay beyond dialogue choices. There are a ton of choices to be found, and multiple stories to unearth on that long road to completion. In general, expect to spend anywhere from fifty to one hundred hours depending on your reading speed and how far you wish to go toward completing the game.īasically, players progress through this visual novel, they will see all manner of story points as the game goes back/forward in time. Those who love its tale and characters will be able to immerse themselves in it for quite a long time. Fortunately, the writing is well done and the hundreds of high quality CG sequences keep things entertaining from screen to screen. Reading through this tale for hours on end is draining for those not in love with every single character and interaction. This is important because Da Capo 3 R is currently the longest visual novels available in the English language, which is part of why it took so long to localize. If you don’t absolutely adore slice of life titles then it might be surprising to see just how much feels like a slog. In these moments the story sometimes drags. Because of a focus on stories of friendship and romance, there’s a lot of time spent simply interacting with the group as if they were regular students at a normal high school. From his lively sister to variety of beautiful peers, there is practically no time for the guy to spend with himself. Protagonist Kiyotaka is just a normal guy (with some abnormally powerful magical skills) who finds himself surrounded by his female classmates. The fantasy setting is utilized primarily as a backdrop for a slice of life tale which should feel familiar to most visual novel fans. Of course, there’s also a tremendous amount of ways in which the two magical stories prove themselves to be completely different. There is even a fictional sport somewhat like Quidditch for students to compete in. Young magicians are split up into different groups which then compete against each other for no reason other than group glory. Some immediately try to compare the game to the Harry Potter series, and in many ways, that’s a pretty good way to define it. Instead of just your everyday students they’re actually all members of a magical academy. Our cast of friends is eerily similar to those met at the beginning of Da Capo 3 R, but in quite the different situation. This actually proves the jumping off point for another story to begin which takes place in a fantasy depiction of 1950s London. Oh, and the send date of the text message says it was sent from the past – in 1951 to be exact. There’s also the matter of the same text message getting dispensed to this group of friends specifically at the same time. An incredible feat of nature is not the only thing strange about this occurrence. It instructs them all to meet the sender where the trees bloomed. At that moment, the group of students we’ve been focused on all receive a text message at the same time. This old tale becomes relevant again when, spontaneously in the middle of winter, the cherry blossoms bloom. You see, there’s this rumor about Hatsune Island’s cherry blossoms blooming in spectacular fashion unexpectedly. At the very start, players are introduced to a cast of high schoolers in what appears to be a modern day setting with bits of magical realism thrown in. Just be sure to read past the first few hours as the initial story being presented is not quite indicative of the rest of the experience. Otherwise, feel free to dive right in with this visual novel and enjoy what it has to offer. Those looking to get a glimpse into what they missed (or refresh their memory) can check out MangaGamer’s official summary post for spoiler-filled information. Sure, you’ll miss some references, characters and such by going in completely fresh, but it’s not a huge deal overall. You do not need to be aware of plot points of previous titles in order to grasp what’s going on here. That’s because each game can easily be enjoyed in and of itself. Existing fans, on the other hand, have had more than enough time to forget basically all key points about the previous two games.įortunately, both groups are on relatively similar footing when they choose to play Da Capo 3 R. At this point, so many new visual novel fans have come into the fold – many having never played any Da Capo title before. This is huge news given there was effectively a seven year wait for localization to finally be completed on it. Years after both Da Capo and Da Capo II released in English, Da Capo 3 R is now available on Steam (and Da Capo 3 R X~Rated is accessible via MangaGamer’s storefront). It is also one of the earliest games that publisher MangaGamer brought out in physical format. The Da Capo series is one of developer Circus’s best known titles. 1/29/2024 0 Comments Bulk loadingThere are a great many kinds of breakbulk cargo. Dunnage is laid ready for the cargo or is just put in bundles ready for the stevedores to lay out as the cargo is loaded. The holds are swept, washed if necessary and any damage to them repaired. Once on board each item must be stowed separately.īefore any loading takes place, any signs of the previous cargo are removed. Some items such as sacks or bags can be loaded in batches by using a sling or cargo net and others such as cartons can be loaded onto trays before being lifted on board. The cargo is brought to the quay next to the ship and then each individual item is lifted on board separately. Loading and discharging by breakbulk is labour-intensive. The discharge of the ship is the reverse of the loading operation. When the ship arrives the cargo is then taken from the warehouse to the quay and then lifted on board by either the ship's gear ( derricks or cranes) or by the dockside cranes. Gladstone Star was built in 1957 and scrapped in 1982.Īlthough cargo of this sort can be delivered straight from a truck or train onto a ship, the most common way is for the cargo to be delivered to the dock in advance of the arrival of the ship and for the cargo to be stored in warehouses. Loading and unloading Ī refrigerated general cargo ship. Break-bulk cargo also suffered from greater theft and damage. Containerization, once widely accepted, reduced shipping and loading costs by 80% to 90%. Moving cargo on and off ship in containers is much more efficient, allowing ships to spend less time in port. Containerizing makes cargo effectively more homogenous, like other bulk cargoes, and enables the same economies of scale. Since the late 1960s, the volume of break-bulk cargo has declined dramatically, relative to containerized cargo, while the latter has grown exponentially worldwide. īreak-bulk was the most common form of cargo for most of the history of shipping. Ī break-in-bulk point is a place where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another, for example the docks where goods transfer from ship to truck. Unit loads of items secured to a pallet or skid are also used. Break-bulk cargo is not in shipping containers-neither standard nor non-standard-instead the goods are transported, packaged in smaller containers, like bags, boxes, crates, drums, or barrels. The term break-bulk derives from the phrase breaking bulk-using "to break bulk" as a verb-to initiate the extraction of a portion of the cargo of a ship, or to begin the unloading process from the ship's hold(s). Since the 1960s, the volume of break-bulk cargo has enormously declined worldwide in favor of mass adoption of intermodal containers. When no hoisting equipment is available, break bulk has traditionally been manually carried on and off ship, over a plank, or it might be passed from man to man via a human chain. Securing break-bulk and general freight inside a vessel includes the use of dunnage. If hoisted on deck rather than straight into the hold, liftable or rollable goods then have to be man-handled and stowed competently by stevedores. Otherwise, it must be lifted onto and off its deck, by cranes or derricks present on the dock or on the ship itself. Ideally, break-bulk cargo is lifted directly into and out of a vessel's holds, and this is mostly the case today. Furthermore, batches of break-bulk goods are frequently packaged in smaller containers: bags, boxes, cartons, crates, drums, or barrels/vats. Ships carrying break-bulk cargo are often called general cargo ships.īreak-bulk/general cargo consists of goods transported, stowed and handled piecemeal to some degree, typically bundled somehow in unit loads for hoisting, either with cargo nets, slings, or crates, or stacked on trays, pallets or skids. The term break-bulk derives from the phrase breaking bulk, a term for unloading part of a ship’s cargo, or commencing unloading the cargo. This is in contrast to cargo stowed in modern intermodal containers as well as bulk cargo, which goes directly, unpackaged and in large quantities, into a ship's hold(s), measured by volume or weight (for instance, oil or grain). Traditionally, the large numbers of items are recorded on distinct bills of lading that list them by different commodities. In shipping, break-bulk, breakbulk, or break bulk cargo, also called general cargo, is goods that are stowed on board ship in individually counted units. Stevedores on a New York dock loading barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. 1/29/2024 0 Comments Graphviz exampleGraphs can get really big ( from Gatsby the docs): graphname cluster_legend Legend gatsby Gatsby redux redux namespace cache site/.cache/ public site/public/ siteData site/external data dataSource data sources. This will make graphs work as expected most of the time - small graphs will remain small and big ones will shrink to fit the parent’s box. 1/29/2024 0 Comments Scansion symbolsWhen I | consid | er how | my light | is spent When feet are thus designated, words that span feet are divided without hyphens, and any puctuation that occurs at a foot break is typically omitted. Some prosodists indicate only ictic (or, in rhythmic scansion, only stressed) syllables, but this is not ideal since the number, position, and character of nonictic syllables is also metrically significant.Īdditionally, many prosodists divide a line into feet - the minimal repeated units-using the pipe symbol (|). These symbols are typically placed over the first vowel in every syllable. Minimally, graphic scansion requires only 2 symbols, designating ictic and nonictic syllables. For clarity, scansions that mark only ictus and nonictus will be called "metrical scansions", and those which mark stress or other linguistic characteristics will be called "rhythmic scansions".Įlements Main article: Systems of scansion Prosodists seldom explicitly state what they are marking in their scansions. Scansions which take account of more levels of metrical degree than two, or intonation, or the timing of syllables are all guilty of overspecification. Strictly speaking, scansion marks which syllables are metrically prominent - i.e. But all such efforts exceed the boundary of strict metrical analysis, moving into descriptions of linguistic rhythm, and thus serve to blur or dissolve the distinction between meter and rhythm. It is natural to want to enrich scansion with other kinds of analyses which capture more of the phonological and syntactic structure of the line. Since meter is a system of binary oppositions in which syllables are either marked or unmarked (long or short stressed or unstressed), a binary code is all that is necessary to transcribe it. Brogan issues a stern warning about the temptations of overly-detailed scansion: Ictus refers to the position within a line that is experienced as a beat, or to the syllable that fills it. Thus a syllable, regardless of its level of stress, that realizes a beat is ictic and a syllable, regardless of its level of stress, that does not is nonictic. These phenomena are called "promotion" and "demotion". This can most easily be understood through the principle of relative stress: an unstressed syllable between 2 even slightly weaker syllables may be perceived as a beat and the reverse is true of a stressed syllable between 2 even slightly stronger syllables. A perfectly regular line of iambic pentameter may have anywhere from 2 to 9 stresses, but it is still felt to exhibit 5 pulses or beats. However, marking stress is not the same as marking meter. All other aspects of language are present, indeed they are vital to the rhythm of the verse but they are not ordered by the meter. In English (and in many modern languages) the language is ordered by syllabic stress. It is an ordering of language by means of an extremely limited subset of its characteristics. Lewis observes, "f the scansion of a line meant all the phonetic facts, no two lines would scan the same way". The rhythm of language is infinitely varied all aspects of language contribute to it: loudness, pitch, duration, pause, syntax, repeated elements, length of phrases, frequency of polysyllabic words. To understand any form of scansion, it is necessary to appreciate the difference between meter and rhythm. Systems of scansion, and the assumptions (often tacit or even subconscious) that underlie them, are so numerous and contradictory that it is often difficult to tell whether differences in scansion indicate opposed metrical theories, conflicting understandings of a line's linguistic character, divergent practical goals, or whether they merely constitute a trivial argument over who has the "better ear" for verse. |
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